Stress fibers from two sources

S tress fi bers arise via two distinct pathways, according to Hotulainen and Lappalainen (page 383). Cells contain at least three different types of contractile actin-based stress fi bers. Transverse arcs do not associate with focal adhesions on either end, whereas ventral stress fi bers contact focal adhesions on both ends. Dorsal stress fi bers have one end tied to a focal adhesion on the ventral side of the cell and frequently attach to a transverse arc with the other end. Using live cell microscopy and a variety of fl uorescently tagged proteins, Hotulainen and Lappalainen found that dorsal stress fi bers and transverse arcs underwent continuous de novo formation and disassembly. The ventral fi bers, in contrast, were formed by fusion of dorsal and transverse fi bers. Dorsal fi ber formation initiated at focal adhesions and was dependent on the mDia1 formin, which has been implicated previously in assembly of unbranched actin fi laments. Transverse arcs arose from the fusion of short actin bundles, which themselves formed in the leading edge of the lamellipodium and then drifted back into the center of the cell. Depletion of mDia1 formin had no impact on transverse arc formation , but disruption of Arp2/3 activity prohibited assembly of the short actin bundles in the leading edge and their aggregation into transverse arcs. Additionally, transverse arcs fell apart rapidly in response to myosin II inactivation. The dorsal stress fi bers also eventually broke down in the myosin-depleted cells, but appeared to rely less on the protein for their structural integrity. The RhoA GTPase signaling pathway is known to be involved in stress fi ber assembly, activating formins and inhibiting the activity of actin depolymerization agents. The question now, say the researchers, is how RhoA and other signaling pathways control two distinct stress fi ber assembly processes. An axonal winch M itochondria and other cellular subunits are transported from the cell body of neurons toward the growth cone of axons via kinesin-based fast transport. On page 373, Miller and Sheetz show that mitochondria also move down the distal portion of the axon via a low-velocity transport mechanism. Numerous models have been proposed for how axons grow, with a general consensus that the axon cytoskeleton is stationary and growth occurs at the distal tip. In the current study, Miller and Sheetz labeled mitochondria of chicken dorsal root ganglion neurons and followed their movement along the length …